‘Muslim women’s liberation cannot be boxed into a single narrative’

“For some women, emancipation is wearing the hijab. Likewise, for others, it is wearing it without fear. For some, it might be education whereas others might take it as financial independence. Our liberation cannot be boxed into a single narrative,” said Nazeer. 

It has often been criticised that the Western feminist lens tends to reduce Muslim women’s freedom to the act of unveiling the hijab. Poet, activist and writer, Najma Nazeer, and educator and activist, Ishrath Nissar reiterated this at a discussion held by the Alternative Law Forum in connection with Women’s History Month and asserted that Muslim women’s emancipation must be defined on their own terms, not by external frameworks that fail to understand the intersection of culture, religion and identity.

“For some women, emancipation is wearing the hijab. Likewise, for others, it is wearing it without fear. For some, it might be education whereas others might take it as financial independence. Our liberation cannot be boxed into a single narrative,” said Nazeer. 

The discussion brought together voices that challenge dominant narratives surrounding emancipation and shed light on the struggles, resilience and agency of Muslim women in India. Speaking about the barriers that Muslim women face, both the speaker emphasized that the exclusion of women from political, social and religious institutions is not accidental but is a systematic result of patriarchy, misinterpretation and Islamophobia.

“To be a Muslim woman in India is to constantly navigate between invisibility and hypervisibility,” said Nazeer. Seconding this, Nissar highlighted that Muslim women have always been active participants in society but their contributions have been erased or co-opted. “Our fight is not just against the community, but also against the state which weaponizes our identity and denies us rights, education and political representation,” she said. 

She further added that liberation is undefined when access to basic rights is unequal and emphasised on the stereotypes imposed on Muslim women that often erase the diversity within the community. Nissar also highlighted the role of caste and class in shaping access to rights and the invisibility of Dalit and Bahujan Muslim women in mainstream feminist discourses. 

The discussion also highlighted various forms of resistance deployed by Muslim women, in larger movements as well as through everyday acts of defiance. While Shaheen Bagh, where Muslim women led the protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC), was a watershed moment, resistance does not always take the form of large protests, but often start at home, the speakers remarked.

“Every act that defies patriarchy, inside and outside our community, is a form of resistance,” Nissar said. Nazeer spoke about the economic resistance, highlighting how Muslim women engage in financial independence as a way to assert their rights and identity.