A wildlife association that helped conserve the Nilgiris’ biodiversity Premium

Explore the Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association's vital role in conserving biodiversity and protecting wildlife in Tamil Nadu.

With discussions under way to revive one of the oldest conservation associations, the Nilgiri Wildlife And Environment Association (NWEA), conservationists have highlighted the group’s contributions to preserving not just the biodiversity of the Nilgiris, but that of India, through its pioneering efforts in maintaining animal populations in the hills.

The NWEA came into existence in colonial India, when British colonists discovered a “hunters’ paradise” in the Nilgiris. According to N. Mohanraj, a Nilgiris-based conservationist and one of the NWEA’s longest-serving members, restrictions on hunting existed in England but they were non-existent in India.

“The Nilgiris, soon connected by the railways, became a magnet for European hunters from across the region. This influx, combined with the advent of more accurate breech-loading rifles, rapidly led to the decimation of local wildlife populations. Just 65 years after the first Europeans set foot in the Nilgiris, the decline in game numbers became alarming – even among the hunting community,” said Mr. Mohanraj.

It was during this distressing observation that General Richard Hamilton, an early advocate for wildlife protection, persistently urged the government to take action, by proposing a closed season for hunting and drafting what formally became the Nilgiris Game and Fish Preservation Act, 1879. Prior to this landmark piece of legislation, a key meeting was held in the Nilgiri library in Udhagamandalam, where the “Nilgiris Game Association,” the precursor to what would eventually become the NWEA, was born.

Mr. Mohanraj said the Act marked the beginning of structured wildlife conservation in the region, and in fact, served as a blueprint for conservation across India. “Thanks to this early initiative, the Nilgiris remains one of India’s most ecologically vibrant regions, even amid modern development,” he said.

The association also had watchers to help enforce the restrictions on hunting, with up to 17 watchers in its heyday. They also had four bungalows in the Nilgiris, which over the years have been handed over to the Forest Department in Mudumalai, two being submerged by hydroelectric projects, and only the one in Mukurthi National Park still with the association.