Groundwater, the invisible gift

Groundwater sustains India's agriculture, industries, and drinking water; over-extraction, pollution, and climate change threaten long-term water security.

Groundwater is a crucial but often overlooked resource that sustains India’s agriculture, industries, and drinking water supply. Stored in underground aquifers—porous rock formations that hold water like a sponge—it serves as the lifeblood of the nation. The monsoon plays a key role in replenishing these aquifers, but the delicate balance between extraction and recharge is increasingly under threat.

India is the world’s largest extractor of groundwater, accounting for 25% of global usage. Millions rely on it for irrigation and daily needs, yet unsustainable withdrawal, pollution, and climate change have led to alarming depletion rates. Regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan face severe groundwater stress due to over-extraction for farming. Managing this invisible yet vital resource is essential to ensuring long-term water security for future generations.

The National Groundwater Atlas provides a comprehensive assessment of groundwater availability across India, revealing stark regional disparities. While states like West Bengal and Bihar benefit from fertile alluvial aquifers and river-fed reserves, excessive withdrawal—especially in Punjab for water-intensive crops like rice—has led to significant depletion.

Conversely, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu face severe water stress due to low rainfall, hard rock aquifers, and slow recharge rates. Gujarat presents a mixed picture, with some regions experiencing acute shortages while others benefit from river-fed reserves. The Atlas highlights these contrasts, offering crucial insights for policymakers to develop targeted groundwater management strategies. As over-extraction continues to outpace natural replenishment in many regions, sustainable conservation efforts are essential to ensure long-term groundwater security.

Groundwater is a crucial but often overlooked resource that sustains India’s agriculture, industries, and drinking water supply. Stored in underground aquifers—porous rock formations that hold water like a sponge—it serves as the lifeblood of the nation. The monsoon plays a key role in replenishing these aquifers, but the delicate balance between extraction and recharge is increasingly under threat.

India’s groundwater is under increasing pressure due to over-extraction, contamination, and climate change, making sustainable management crucial for long-term water security.

Over-extraction: Excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigation, industries, and urban consumption is rapidly depleting aquifers, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu. The unchecked use of borewells is pushing water tables to dangerously low levels.