Egypt gets Gulf help again as eyes turn to currency flexibility

An employee counts Egyptian pounds at a foreign exchange office in central Cairo (file). Gulf Arab countries are channelling up to $22bn to Egypt to help it overcome a currency crisis, the third such rescue in a decade, as analysts watch for greater exchange rate flexibility to avert future crises.

Gulf Arab countries are channelling up to $22bn to Egypt to help it overcome a currency crisis, the third such rescue in a decade, as analysts watch for greater exchange rate flexibility to avert future crises. The central bank allowed Egypt’s pound, which had been stable since November 2020, to drop by 14% against the dollar on March 21 after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine prompted investors to withdraw billions of dollars from Egyptian treasury markets. Last week Saudi Arabia said it had deposited $5bn with Egypt’s central bank and would make additional investments that could bring as much $10bn in foreign currency into Egypt. Qatar has pledged investment deals worth $5bn, Egypt’s cabinet said, and details on the purchase of stakes worth a reported $2bn by Abu Dhabi sovereign fund ADQ are expected soon. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait had sent Egypt $23bn in grants, cash deposits and fuel shipments in the 18 months after the overthrow of then president Mohamed Mursi in 2013. That aid allowed Egypt to put off an IMF accord and spend more on supporting the currency, which came under severe pressure after the 2011 uprising that ended Hosni Mubarak’s 30-year rule. During a second currency crisis in 2016 Egypt devalued the pound by half, and Saudi Arabia deposited about $3bn and the UAE $1bn with the central bank, setting up an IMF accord in November 2016. Egypt, which continued to grow during the coronavirus pandemic but saw its current account deficit widen as import costs rise and tourism receipts dwindle, said last week it was in talks with the IMF for potential funds and technical support to hedge against the effects of the latest crisis. This time around, Gulf countries seem to be toughening conditions by seeking hard assets in addition to central bank deposits, analysts said. Inflows from Gulf countries would reassure the IMF and encourage foreign investors to return to Egypt’s high-interest, short-term treasuries, leaving the country still vulnerable to global financial shocks, said Amr Adly, an assistant professor at the American University in Cairo. Egypt’s currency could come under more pressure as higher global commodity prices feed into inflation, putting even more strain on the pound, other analysts said. “We continue to see a more flexible FX regime as critical to Egypt’s long-term external account vulnerabilities,” HSBC said in a note. “But with the bilateral inflows providing relief and seemingly having no policy conditions attached to them, the pressure for substantive change to the FX regime may be set to fade,” it added. On the day of the devaluation, the central bank’s Monetary Policy Committee stressed “the importance of FX flexibility to act as a shock absorber”. Egypt’s pound was at 18.22 to the dollar on Monday, just above the 18.17 to the dollar it fell to on March 21. Monica Malik of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank said that because Egypt had exceeded its IMF borrowing quota, any new assistance could involve funding from other multilateral institutions and bilateral components such as Gulf Cooperation Council countries. “The GCC support measures are likely to be supportive for Egypt meeting the IMF’s requirement under its exceptional access criteria,” she said.