Ethiopia resumes filling Nile mega-dam reservoir, angering Egypt

A view of northwestern Ethiopia that focuses on the status of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and the Blue Nile River on July 11, 2020. AFP/Satellite image ©2020 Maxar Technologies.

Ethiopia has started the second phase of filling a controversial mega-dam's reservoir on the upper Blue Nile, Egypt said, raising tensions ahead of an upcoming UN Security Council meeting on the issue. Egypt, which fears water shortages, late Monday expressed its "firm rejection of this unilateral measure". It condemned the move as "a violation of international laws and norms that regulate projects built on the shared basins of international rivers", its irrigation ministry said in a statement. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, set to be Africa's largest hydroelectric project when completed, has sparked an almost decade-long diplomatic stand-off between Addis Ababa and downstream nations Egypt and Sudan. Ethiopia says the project is essential to its development, but Cairo and Khartoum fear it could restrict their citizens' water access. Both governments have been pushing Addis Ababa to ink a binding deal over the filling and operation of the dam, and have been urging the UN Security Council to take the matter up in recent weeks. Thursday's UNSC meeting was requested by Tunisia on behalf of Egypt and Sudan, a diplomatic source told AFP. But France's ambassador to the UN said last week that the council itself can do little apart from bringing all the sides together. "We can open the door, invite the three countries at the table, bring them to express their concerns, encourage them to get back to the negotiations and find a solution," he told reporters. Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said in a note to the UN that negotiations are at an impasse, and accused Ethiopia of adopting "a policy of intransigence that undermined our collective endeavours to reach an agreement". Shoukry and his Sudanese counterpart Mariam al-Mahdi met in New York ahead of the meeting and reiterated their "firm rejection" of Ethiopia's move, Cairo said. Addis Ababa had previously announced it would proceed to the second stage of filling in July, with or without a deal. Ethiopia argues that adding water to the reservoir, especially during the heavy rainfalls of July and August, is a natural part of the construction process. "Filling goes in tandem with the construction," said a senior official at the water ministry. "If the rainfall is as you see it now in July, it must have begun." The Nile -- which at some 6,000 kilometres is one of the longest rivers in the world -- is an essential source of water and electricity for a dozen East African countries. Egypt, which depends on the Nile, and particularly its tributary the Blue Nile, for about 97 percent of its irrigation and drinking water, sees the dam as an existential threat. Sudan hopes the project will regulate annual flooding but fears its own dams would be harmed without agreement on the Ethiopian operation. The 145-metre tall mega-dam, construction of which began in 2011, has a reservoir with a capacity of 74 billion cubic metres. Filling began last year, with Ethiopia announcing in July 2020 it had hit its target of 4.9 billion cubic metres -- enough to test the dam's first two turbines, an important milestone on the way towards actually producing energy. The goal is to add 13.5 billion cubic metres of water this year. Egypt and Sudan wanted a trilateral agreement on the dam's operations to be reached before any filling began. But Ethiopia says it is a natural part of the construction, and is thus impossible to postpone. Last year, Sudan said the process had caused water shortages, including in the capital Khartoum -- a claim Ethiopia disputed. Sudanese Water Minister Yasser Abbas warned in April that if Ethiopia went ahead with the second-stage filling, his government "would file lawsuits against the Italian company constructing the dam and the Ethiopian government". He said the lawsuits would highlight that the "environmental and social impact as well as the dangers of the dam" have not been taken into adequate consideration.